android源码解析--Handler

Handler是用于发送和处理消息和一个线程的MessageQueue相关联的Runable对象。每个Handler实例关联到一个单一线程和线程的messagequeue。当您创建一个Handler,从你创建它的时候开始，它就绑定到创建它的线程以及对应的消息队列，handler将发送消息到消息队列，并处理从消息队列中取出的消息。

Handler的主要用途有两个：(1)、在将来的某个时刻执行消息或一个runnable,(2)、为运行在不同线程中的多个任务排队。

   主要依靠post(Runnable)、postAtTime(Runnable, long)、postDelayed(Runnable, long)、sendEmptyMessage(int)、sendMessage(Message)、sendMessageAtTi(Message)、sendMessageDelayed(Message, long)这些方法来来完成消息调度。post方法是当到Runable对象到达就被插入到消息队列；sendMessage方法允许你把一个包含有信息的Message插入队列，而且它会Handler的handlerMessage(Message)方法中执行(该方法要求在Handler的子类中实现)。

当向Handler post或者send消息的时候，你可以在消息队列准备好的时候立刻执行，或者指定一个延迟之前得到处理或绝对时间对它进行处理，后两个是实现了timeout、ticks或者其他timing-based的行为。

当你的应用创建一个进程时，其主线程(UI线程)会运行一个消息队列,负责管理优先级最高的应用程序对象(活动、广播接收器等)和任何他们创建的windows。你也可以创建自己的线程，通过handler与主线程进行通信，通过在你创建的线程调用的post或sendMessage方法。传入的Runnable或者消息会被插入到消息队列并且在适当的时候得到处理。

 

先看下类里面使用的全局变量：

 

final MessageQueue mQueue;
    final Looper mLooper;
    final Callback mCallback;
    IMessenger mMessenger;

都会在构造方法里面赋值：

 

 

  /**
     * Default constructor associates this handler with the queue for the
     * current thread.
     *
     * If there isn't one, this handler won't be able to receive messages.
     */
    public Handler() {
        if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
            final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
            if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
                    (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
                Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
                    klass.getCanonicalName());
            }
        }


        mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
        if (mLooper == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
        }
        mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
        mCallback = null;
    }


    /**
     * Constructor associates this handler with the queue for the
     * current thread and takes a callback interface in which you can handle
     * messages.
     */
    public Handler(Callback callback) {
        if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
            final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
            if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
                    (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
                Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
                    klass.getCanonicalName());
            }
        }


        mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
        if (mLooper == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
        }
        mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
        mCallback = callback;
    }


    /**
     * Use the provided queue instead of the default one.
     */
    public Handler(Looper looper) {
        mLooper = looper;
        mQueue = looper.mQueue;
        mCallback = null;
    }


    /**
     * Use the provided queue instead of the default one and take a callback
     * interface in which to handle messages.
     */
    public Handler(Looper looper, Callback callback) {
        mLooper = looper;
        mQueue = looper.mQueue;
        mCallback = callback;
    }

 

在默认构造方法里面，handler是和当前线程的队列关联在一起，如果队列不存在，那么handler就不能接受消息。第二个有参构造方法中，需要传入一个callback接口用于处理handler传递的Message。第三个有参构造函数是传进来一个looper来代替默认的looper。第四个就是传递一个looper和callback。

 

在70行有个 FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS参数：找到潜在的泄露。看下注释：

 

/*
     * Set this flag to true to detect anonymous, local or member classes
     * that extend this Handler class and that are not static. These kind
     * of classes can potentially create leaks.
     */

 

 

设置这个标记为true来检测不是静态的匿名,本地或成员类继承Handler类。这些类型的类可以带来潜在的泄漏。在Handler的构造方法里面使用到了这个参数，目的就如上所述：

 

if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
            final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
            if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
                    (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
                Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
                    klass.getCanonicalName());
            }
        }

 

 

接着下面就是Callback接口：

 

/**
     * Callback interface you can use when instantiating a Handler to avoid
     * having to implement your own subclass of Handler.
     */
    public interface Callback {
        public boolean handleMessage(Message msg);
    }

 

当你实例化一个Handler的时候可以使用Callback接口来避免写自定义的Handler子类。这里的机制类似与Thread与runable接口的关系。

在Handler里面，子类要处理消息的话必须重写handleMessage()这个方法，因为在handler里面它是个空方法：

 

/**
     * Subclasses must implement this to receive messages.
     */
    public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
    }

再来看一下：dispatchMessage()这个方法：

/**
     * Handle system messages here.
     */
    public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            if (mCallback != null) {
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            handleMessage(msg);
        }
    }

用于传递系统消息。当message的callback不为空的时候，调用handleCallback方法，如下：

 

 

private final void handleCallback(Message message) {
        message.callback.run();
    }

 

关于调用Message的方法，在这篇文章里面先不谈，解析Message源码的时候再说。

下面是171行的getMessageName()方法：

 

<span style="font-size:14px;">/**
     * Returns a string representing the name of the specified message.
     * The default implementation will either return the class name of the
     * message callback if any, or the hexadecimal representation of the
     * message "what" field.
     *
     * @param message The message whose name is being queried
     */
    public String getMessageName(Message message) {
        if (message.callback != null) {
            return message.callback.getClass().getName();
        }
        return "0x" + Integer.toHexString(message.what);
    }</span>

我们从源码中结合注释，返回传入message的name值，默认的实现是如火message.callback不为空，就返回callback的类名，或者返回一个16进制的message的what值。

 

再往下，191行的obtainMessage()方法：

<span style="font-size:14px;">  /**
     * Returns a new {@link android.os.Message Message} from the global message pool. More efficient than
     * creating and allocating new instances. The retrieved message has its handler set to this instance (Message.target == this).
     *  If you don't want that facility, just call Message.obtain() instead.
     */
    public final Message obtainMessage()
    {
        return Message.obtain(this);
    }</span>

从一个全局消息池里面获取一个新的Message。在Message池中检索是否存在与handler实例对应的message比创建一个新的Message更高效。如果你不想创建新Message，就是用Message.obtain方法代替。

 

下面是几个obtainMessage的重载方法：

 

<span style="font-size:14px;">    /**
     *
     * Same as {@link #obtainMessage()}, except that it also sets the what and obj members
     * of the returned Message.
     *
     * @param what Value to assign to the returned Message.what field.
     * @param obj Value to assign to the returned Message.obj field.
     * @return A Message from the global message pool.
     */
    public final Message obtainMessage(int what, Object obj)
    {
        return Message.obtain(this, what, obj);
    }

    /**
     *
     * Same as {@link #obtainMessage()}, except that it also sets the what, arg1 and arg2 members of the returned
     * Message.
     * @param what Value to assign to the returned Message.what field.
     * @param arg1 Value to assign to the returned Message.arg1 field.
     * @param arg2 Value to assign to the returned Message.arg2 field.
     * @return A Message from the global message pool.
     */
    public final Message obtainMessage(int what, int arg1, int arg2)
    {
        return Message.obtain(this, what, arg1, arg2);
    }

    /**
     *
     * Same as {@link #obtainMessage()}, except that it also sets the what, obj, arg1,and arg2 values on the
     * returned Message.
     * @param what Value to assign to the returned Message.what field.
     * @param arg1 Value to assign to the returned Message.arg1 field.
     * @param arg2 Value to assign to the returned Message.arg2 field.
     * @param obj Value to assign to the returned Message.obj field.
     * @return A Message from the global message pool.
     */
    public final Message obtainMessage(int what, int arg1, int arg2, Object obj)
    {
        return Message.obtain(this, what, arg1, arg2, obj);
    }</span>

和上面相同，只是参数不同，为返回的Message的一些属性赋值。

 

在往下就是post（）方法了：

<span style="font-size:14px;">/**
     * Causes the Runnable r to be added to the message queue.
     * The runnable will be run on the thread to which this handler is
     * attached.
     *
     * @param r The Runnable that will be executed.
     *
     * @return Returns true if the Runnable was successfully placed in to the
     *         message queue.  Returns false on failure, usually because the
     *         looper processing the message queue is exiting.
     */
    public final boolean post(Runnable r)
    {
       return  sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
    }</span>

把传入的Runnable对象r加入到Message队列中，这个runnable对象将在handler关联的线程中执行。如果runnable对象被正确执行返回true，如果looper遍历消息队列时退出，则返回false。在这个方法中，主要是调用了sendMessageDelayed方法。在下面会有相应的分析。

 

接下来，看一下其他有关post的方法（从266行到353行）：

 

<span style="font-size:14px;">   /**
     * Causes the Runnable r to be added to the message queue, to be run
     * at a specific time given by <var>uptimeMillis</var>.
     * <b>The time-base is {@link android.os.SystemClock#uptimeMillis}.</b>
     * The runnable will be run on the thread to which this handler is attached.
     *
     * @param r The Runnable that will be executed.
     * @param uptimeMillis The absolute time at which the callback should run,
     *         using the {@link android.os.SystemClock#uptimeMillis} time-base.
     *
     * @return Returns true if the Runnable was successfully placed in to the
     *         message queue.  Returns false on failure, usually because the
     *         looper processing the message queue is exiting.  Note that a
     *         result of true does not mean the Runnable will be processed -- if
     *         the looper is quit before the delivery time of the message
     *         occurs then the message will be dropped.
     */
    public final boolean postAtTime(Runnable r, long uptimeMillis)
    {
        return sendMessageAtTime(getPostMessage(r), uptimeMillis);
    }

    /**
     * Causes the Runnable r to be added to the message queue, to be run
     * at a specific time given by <var>uptimeMillis</var>.
     * <b>The time-base is {@link android.os.SystemClock#uptimeMillis}.</b>
     * The runnable will be run on the thread to which this handler is attached.
     *
     * @param r The Runnable that will be executed.
     * @param uptimeMillis The absolute time at which the callback should run,
     *         using the {@link android.os.SystemClock#uptimeMillis} time-base.
     *
     * @return Returns true if the Runnable was successfully placed in to the
     *         message queue.  Returns false on failure, usually because the
     *         looper processing the message queue is exiting.  Note that a
     *         result of true does not mean the Runnable will be processed -- if
     *         the looper is quit before the delivery time of the message
     *         occurs then the message will be dropped.
     *
     * @see android.os.SystemClock#uptimeMillis
     */
    public final boolean postAtTime(Runnable r, Object token, long uptimeMillis)
    {
        return sendMessageAtTime(getPostMessage(r, token), uptimeMillis);
    }

    /**
     * Causes the Runnable r to be added to the message queue, to be run
     * after the specified amount of time elapses.
     * The runnable will be run on the thread to which this handler
     * is attached.
     *
     * @param r The Runnable that will be executed.
     * @param delayMillis The delay (in milliseconds) until the Runnable
     *        will be executed.
     *
     * @return Returns true if the Runnable was successfully placed in to the
     *         message queue.  Returns false on failure, usually because the
     *         looper processing the message queue is exiting.  Note that a
     *         result of true does not mean the Runnable will be processed --
     *         if the looper is quit before the delivery time of the message
     *         occurs then the message will be dropped.
     */
    public final boolean postDelayed(Runnable r, long delayMillis)
    {
        return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), delayMillis);
    }

    /**
     * Posts a message to an object that implements Runnable.
     * Causes the Runnable r to executed on the next iteration through the
     * message queue. The runnable will be run on the thread to which this
     * handler is attached.
     * <b>This method is only for use in very special circumstances -- it
     * can easily starve the message queue, cause ordering problems, or have
     * other unexpected side-effects.</b>
     *
     * @param r The Runnable that will be executed.
     *
     * @return Returns true if the message was successfully placed in to the
     *         message queue.  Returns false on failure, usually because the
     *         looper processing the message queue is exiting.
     */
    public final boolean postAtFrontOfQueue(Runnable r)
    {
        return sendMessageAtFrontOfQueue(getPostMessage(r));
    }
</span>

postAtTime在指定时间uptimeMillis把runnable插入到队列中去，另一个postAtTime方法又加了一个Object类型的token，在下面的sendMessageAtTime中具体分析。postDelayed在延迟delayMillis时间后插入队列。postAtFrontOfQueue把Runnable插入到队首，下一次轮询就会被执行。

 

下面是从队列中删除对应的runable：

 

<span style="font-size:14px;">    /**
     * Remove any pending posts of Runnable r that are in the message queue.
     */
    public final void removeCallbacks(Runnable r)
    {
        mQueue.removeMessages(this, r, null);
    }

    /**
     * Remove any pending posts of Runnable <var>r</var> with Object
     * <var>token</var> that are in the message queue.  If <var>token</var> is null,
     * all callbacks will be removed.
     */
    public final void removeCallbacks(Runnable r, Object token)
    {
        mQueue.removeMessages(this, r, token);
    }
</span>

下面就是重头戏SendMessage：

 

 

<span style="font-size:14px;"> /**
     * Pushes a message onto the end of the message queue after all pending messages
     * before the current time. It will be received in {@link #handleMessage},
     * in the thread attached to this handler.
     *
     * @return Returns true if the message was successfully placed in to the
     *         message queue.  Returns false on failure, usually because the
     *         looper processing the message queue is exiting.
     */
    public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg)
    {
        return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
    }</span>

把一个消息插入到当前所有正在等待执行的消息的后面。它会在当前线程所关联的handler的handleMessage方法中被处理。我们看到这个方法主要是调用了441行的sendMessageDelayed方法（延迟0秒发送消息）：

 

 

<span style="font-size:14px;">/**
     * Enqueue a message into the message queue after all pending messages
     * before (current time + delayMillis). You will receive it in
     * {@link #handleMessage}, in the thread attached to this handler.
     *
     * @return Returns true if the message was successfully placed in to the
     *         message queue.  Returns false on failure, usually because the
     *         looper processing the message queue is exiting.  Note that a
     *         result of true does not mean the message will be processed -- if
     *         the looper is quit before the delivery time of the message
     *         occurs then the message will be dropped.
     */
    public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
    {
        if (delayMillis < 0) {
            delayMillis = 0;
        }
        return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
    }</span>

这个方法主要是在delayMillis时间后发送消息。调用的是467行的sendMessageAtTime方法：

 

 

<span style="font-size:14px;">/**
     * Enqueue a message into the message queue after all pending messages
     * before the absolute time (in milliseconds) <var>uptimeMillis</var>.
     * <b>The time-base is {@link android.os.SystemClock#uptimeMillis}.</b>
     * You will receive it in {@link #handleMessage}, in the thread attached
     * to this handler.
     *
     * @param uptimeMillis The absolute time at which the message should be
     *         delivered, using the
     *         {@link android.os.SystemClock#uptimeMillis} time-base.
     *
     * @return Returns true if the message was successfully placed in to the
     *         message queue.  Returns false on failure, usually because the
     *         looper processing the message queue is exiting.  Note that a
     *         result of true does not mean the message will be processed -- if
     *         the looper is quit before the delivery time of the message
     *         occurs then the message will be dropped.
     */
    public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis)
    {
        boolean sent = false;
        MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
        if (queue != null) {
            msg.target = this;
            sent = queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
        }
        else {
            RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
            Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
        }
        return sent;
    }</span>

这个方法才是真正执行插入到队列的操作，把message插入到消息队列中。

 

像386行到427行等发送消息，均是调用sendMessageAtTime方法：

 

<span style="font-size:14px;">    /**
     * Sends a Message containing only the what value.
     *
     * @return Returns true if the message was successfully placed in to the
     *         message queue.  Returns false on failure, usually because the
     *         looper processing the message queue is exiting.
     */
    public final boolean sendEmptyMessage(int what)
    {
        return sendEmptyMessageDelayed(what, 0);
    }

    /**
     * Sends a Message containing only the what value, to be delivered
     * after the specified amount of time elapses.
     * @see #sendMessageDelayed(android.os.Message, long)
     *
     * @return Returns true if the message was successfully placed in to the
     *         message queue.  Returns false on failure, usually because the
     *         looper processing the message queue is exiting.
     */
    public final boolean sendEmptyMessageDelayed(int what, long delayMillis) {
        Message msg = Message.obtain();
        msg.what = what;
        return sendMessageDelayed(msg, delayMillis);
    }

    /**
     * Sends a Message containing only the what value, to be delivered
     * at a specific time.
     * @see #sendMessageAtTime(android.os.Message, long)
     *
     * @return Returns true if the message was successfully placed in to the
     *         message queue.  Returns false on failure, usually because the
     *         looper processing the message queue is exiting.
     */

    public final boolean sendEmptyMessageAtTime(int what, long uptimeMillis) {
        Message msg = Message.obtain();
        msg.what = what;
        return sendMessageAtTime(msg, uptimeMillis);
    }</span>

发送空消息，使用Message.obtain()方法获得一个Message（上面已经讲道这个方法）进行发送。

 

在往下495行sendMessageAtFrotOfQueue：

 

<span style="font-size:14px;"> /**
     * Enqueue a message at the front of the message queue, to be processed on
     * the next iteration of the message loop.  You will receive it in
     * {@link #handleMessage}, in the thread attached to this handler.
     * <b>This method is only for use in very special circumstances -- it
     * can easily starve the message queue, cause ordering problems, or have
     * other unexpected side-effects.</b>
     *
     * @return Returns true if the message was successfully placed in to the
     *         message queue.  Returns false on failure, usually because the
     *         looper processing the message queue is exiting.
     */
    public final boolean sendMessageAtFrontOfQueue(Message msg)
    {
        boolean sent = false;
        MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
        if (queue != null) {
            msg.target = this;
            sent = queue.enqueueMessage(msg, 0);
        }
        else {
            RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
            Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
        }
        return sent;
    }</span>

把一个消息插入到message queue的队首。但是我们注意到在SendMessageAtTime中插入队列代码：

 

 

<span style="font-size:14px;">queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);</span>

在uptimeMillis时间后插入到队列，而在sendMessageAtFrotOfQueue中插入队列代码：

 

 

<span style="font-size:14px;">queue.enqueueMessage(msg, 0)</span>

按照字面意思理解，就是立即插入队列，但是立刻插入队列也不能实现插到队首。那到底是如何实现的哪？这一点，将在MessageQueue源码分析中揭晓。

 

从511行到535行是从消息队列中删除对应的消息：

 

<span style="font-size:14px;">    /**
     * Remove any pending posts of messages with code 'what' that are in the
     * message queue.
     */
    public final void removeMessages(int what) {
        mQueue.removeMessages(this, what, null, true);
    }

    /**
     * Remove any pending posts of messages with code 'what' and whose obj is
     * 'object' that are in the message queue.  If <var>token</var> is null,
     * all messages will be removed.
     */
    public final void removeMessages(int what, Object object) {
        mQueue.removeMessages(this, what, object, true);
    }

    /**
     * Remove any pending posts of callbacks and sent messages whose
     * <var>obj</var> is <var>token</var>.  If <var>token</var> is null,
     * all callbacks and messages will be removed.
     */
    public final void removeCallbacksAndMessages(Object token) {
        mQueue.removeCallbacksAndMessages(this, token);
    }</span>

541行，检查消息队列中是否存在相对应的消息：

 

 

<span style="font-size:14px;">   /**
     * Check if there are any pending posts of messages with code 'what' in
     * the message queue.
     */
    public final boolean hasMessages(int what) {
        return mQueue.removeMessages(this, what, null, false);
    }

    /**
     * Check if there are any pending posts of messages with code 'what' and
     * whose obj is 'object' in the message queue.
     */
    public final boolean hasMessages(int what, Object object) {
        return mQueue.removeMessages(this, what, object, false);
    }</span>

555行：获取当前looper：

 

 

<span style="font-size:14px;">public final Looper getLooper() {
        return mLooper;
    }</span>

往下，dump方法，从字面意思上理解：转储，具体作用，还不太了解，将在Looper源码解析中分析下。

 

 

<span style="font-size:14px;"> public final void dump(Printer pw, String prefix) {
        pw.println(prefix + this + " @ " + SystemClock.uptimeMillis());
        if (mLooper == null) {
            pw.println(prefix + "looper uninitialized");
        } else {
            mLooper.dump(pw, prefix + "  ");
        }
    }</span>

575行，获取当前Messenger：

 

 

<span style="font-size:14px;">final IMessenger getIMessenger() {
        synchronized (mQueue) {
            if (mMessenger != null) {
                return mMessenger;
            }
            mMessenger = new MessengerImpl();
            return mMessenger;
        }
    }</span>

关于Messenger信使类，请关注以后源码分析。

 

591行：将一个Runnable封装成一个Message。

 

<span style="font-size:14px;"> private final Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
        Message m = Message.obtain();
        m.callback = r;
        return m;
    }

    private final Message getPostMessage(Runnable r, Object token) {
        Message m = Message.obtain();
        m.obj = token;
        m.callback = r;
        return m;
    }</span>

getPostMessage这个方法在上面所说的post系列方法中，被广泛使用。

 

最后，604行，处理message里面的runnable消息，直接调用了run方法。

 

<span style="font-size:14px;">private final void handleCallback(Message message) {
        message.callback.run();
    }</span>